Seed survival significantly higher below water compared to on dry land.

Significantly larger risk of being consumed for a seed without protection from insects (red bars in figure).

The effect of mammals was largest when all sizes were allowed access and only only small differences between size classes.

When all mammals were excluded, the risk of being consumed was 4 times higher for seeds on bare ground compared to seeds protected from insects.

Nine families of insects and one family of millipedes were found on the fruits and seeds. Bark beetles, earwigs and ants seemed to do most damage to the seeds. Fruit pulp seemed to attract dungbeetles and sap beetles.

Also in this experiment seeds covered by water and /or soil had a higher estimated survival.

No seeds germinated in any of the experiments.