In terms of time spent sniffing, cardamom was significantly more attractive compared to all other essential oils and compared to all monomolecular odorants. Lavender was the only odor stimulus at which the elephants sniffed significantly longer compared to its simultaneously presented control.

In terms of time spent sniffing at odor trails, Lemongrass was significantly more attractive compared to all other spices.

Lemongrass was the only spice that the elephants did not only sniff at, but also interacted with using their trunk.

With regard to sniffing at the essential oils and monomolecular odorants, the presentation on wooden logs was significantly more attractive (in terms of time spent sniffing per presentation) compared to the presentations on branches and hay/grass.

With regard to sniffing at the spices, the presentation as trails and ice blocks were significantly more attractive (in terms of time spent sniffing per presentation) compared to the presentation on hay/grass and shakers.