In the follow-up study, there were no signs of protective zones being left deliberately and most of the swamp forests showed decreases in lichen occurrences. In the protective zone study, there was a trend suggesting that lichen abundance is negatively affected by edge effects at abrupt edges, as compared to protective zones. The sensitive indicator lichen Menegazzia terebrata was more likely to occur in the interior of swamp forests than at the exterior, more prominently so in swamp forests exposed to abrupt edges.