The owner stands facing their dog roughly 2 m in front of them. The owner then holds a treat to their face and maintains eye contact with their dog for 90 s or until the dog breaks eye contact for more than 3 s. 

The owner places two cups on the ground 1.5 m apart. The owner stands or sits between the cups facing their dog who is 2 m in front of the line of the cups. The dog can be instructed to stay or held in place by a helper. Allowing the dog to see, the owner places a treat under one cup and pretends to place a treat under the other cup. The owner then raises the empty cup, showing the dog that it is empty, before placing it back on the ground. The dog is then released and allowed to approach the cups. 

The owner places two cups on the ground 1.5 m apart. The owner stands or sits between the cups facing their dog who is 2 m in front of the line of cups. The dog can be instructed to stay or held in place by a helper. Allowing the dog to see, the owner places a treat under one cup. The dog must continue to stay or be held by the helper for a period of 60 s. After 60 s the dog is released and allowed to approach the cups. 

The owner places five cups on the ground in a semi-circle with each cup spaced 1 m apart. The dog is instructed to stay or held by a helper 1.5m in front of the semi-circle of cups. Allowing the dog to see, the owner places a treat under one of the five cups. The dog is then removed from the room for a period of 60 s. After 60 s the dog is brought back into the room and immediately released to approach the cups.