Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. Non-parametric tests were used as the data were not normally distributed. 

A Mann-Whitney U test was carried out to determine if there was a significant difference in the average duration of eye contact between the rescue and non-rescue dogs. For both the Inferential Reasoning Test and Simple Memory Test, chi-squared tests were used to determine if there was a significant difference between rescue and non-rescue dogs in the proportion of correct choices. The Mann-Whitney U test was again used to determine if there was a significant difference between the groups in the number of attempts required to choose the correct cup in the Complex Memory Test in addition to a chi-squared test to determine if there was a difference in the proportion of dogs that required one attempt or more than one attempt to choose the correct cup between groups. 

Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine if there was any difference between rescue and non-rescue dogs in percentage time spent displaying stress behaviours during each test. Spearman correlations were used to determine if there was any relationship between stress behaviours, performance in the Eye Contact Test and the Complex Memory Test, the subscales of the MDORS, and the factors and facets of the DPQ.